起源于14世纪末的英语词汇列表
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coast(v.)
14世纪末,“绕过,沿着边缘走,沿着边界走”(如船只沿海岸线行驶),源自盎格鲁-法语 costien,源自法语 coast(名词)。
“下坡滑雪”的意思首次见于1834年的美国英语,是从名词借来的或者是一种新的发展。在骑自行车时,“脚离开踏板下坡”,始于1879年。对于机动车,“没有发动机的推力移动”,始于1896年; 比喻用法,指人“不费力气”,始于1934年。相关词汇: Coasted; coasting。
"Coasting" consists in throwing the legs up over the handles and allowing the bicycle to rush of its own impetus down hill. It can only be done with safety where the road is perfectly smooth, hard, and free from obstructions; but, under such conditions, bicycle coasting affords one of the most glorious and exhilarating of sensations, and, next to ballooning, its motion most nearly resembles the flight of a bird. [Harper's Weekly, Dec. 20, 1879]
“滑行”是指把腿抬起来放在把手上,让自行车靠自己的动力下坡。只有在路面完全平整、坚硬、没有障碍物的情况下才能安全地进行; 但是,在这种条件下,自行车滑行提供了一种最为壮观和令人振奋的感觉,其运动方式仅次于热气球,最接近鸟类的飞行方式。[《哈珀周刊》,1879年12月20日]
The reckless coasting down the long hills on the route was scarcely more defensible. Speeds of 25 to 30 miles an hour were reached in some instances. The common road is not the proper place for such exhibitions, especially in populous centres. The risk is altogether too great, both for occupants of the vehicle and for other frequenters of the highway. [account of an automobile race on the streets of New York in The Horseless Age, June 1896]
在路线上鲁莽地滑行下长山坡几乎是不可辩护的。在某些情况下,速度达到25到30英里每小时。普通道路不是这种表演的适当场所,特别是在人口稠密的地区。风险对于车辆的乘客和其他路人来说都太大了。[《无马车时代》,1896年6月]
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coat(v.)
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cobbler(n.1)
14世纪晚期(13世纪晚期在姓氏和地名中出现), cobelere “修补鞋子的人”,起源不明。它和 cobble(v.)“在词源上显然是一起的”[OED],但历史记录存在一些困难。 “鞋匠应该专注于他的本行”(ne sutor ultra crepidam)来自希腊画家阿佩莱斯的轶事。
On one occasion a cobbler noticed a fault in the painting of a shoe, and remarking upon it to a person standing by, passed on. As soon as the man was out of sight Apelles came from his hiding-place, examined the painting, found that the cobbler's criticism was just, and at once corrected the error. ... The cobbler came by again and soon discovered that the fault he had pointed out had been remedied; and, emboldened by the success of his criticism, began to express his opinion pretty freely about the painting of the leg! This was too much for the patience of the artist, who rushed from his hiding place and told the cobbler to stick to his shoes. [William Edward Winks, "Lives of Illustrious Shoemakers," London, 1883]
有一次,一个鞋匠注意到一只鞋的绘画有缺陷,并向旁边的人评论了一下,然后离开了。当那个人看不见时,阿佩莱斯从他的藏身之处出来,检查了绘画,发现鞋匠的批评是正确的,立即纠正了错误。...鞋匠又经过了,很快发现他指出的错误已经得到了纠正; 并且,在他的批评获得成功的鼓舞下,开始自由地表达他对腿部绘画的看法!这对艺术家的耐心来说太过分了,他从藏身之处冲出来,告诉鞋匠 stick to his shoes。[威廉·爱德华·温克斯,“著名鞋匠的生活”,伦敦,1883年]
[这个故事有不同的版本,引用的语录也有不同的报道:普林尼(“自然史”XXXV.x.36)有 ne supra crepidam judicaret,而瓦莱里乌斯·马克西姆斯(VIII.xiii.3)则给出 supra plantam ascendere vetuit。这里引用的版本承认是为了书名]
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cobblestone(n.)
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cockatrice(n.)
“fabulous monster”(神话中的怪兽),14世纪晚期,源自古法语 cocatriz,受 coq 影响改编自晚期拉丁语 *calcatrix,源自拉丁语 calcare(来自 calx(1)“脚跟”; 参见 calcaneus),作为希腊语 ikhneumon 的翻译,字面意思是“追踪者,追踪器”。据说它的目光可以杀死人,只有通过诱使它看到自己的反射才能杀死它。
在古典文献中,它是一种埃及动物,是鳄鱼的死敌,可以追踪并杀死鳄鱼。这种含义在基督教西方变得非常混乱,在英国,这个词最终被用于等同于 basilisk 的东西。它与 cock(n.1)有着密切的联系,因此有一个寓言,说它是从公鸡蛋中孵化出来的蛇。它有时也会与鳄鱼混淆。即使在受过教育的人中,对它们的信仰仍然存在,因为这个词在《英王詹姆斯版圣经》中多次用于翻译希伯来语中的“蛇”一词。在纹章学中,它是一种半公鸡半蛇的野兽。此外,在旧俚语中,“loose woman”(放荡的女人)(1590年代)。
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coequal(adj.)
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coeternal(adj.)
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coinage(n.)
14世纪晚期,“货币,铸币”来自古法语 coignage,源自 coignier “铸币”,源自 coing “一枚钱币”(参见 coin(n.))。意思是“铸造货币的行为或过程”始于15世纪初; “创造新词的故意形成”始于1690年代,源自“某物的发明”(约1600年)的一般意义。
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coldness(n.)
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colewort(n.)