euphemism(n.)
1650年代,源自希腊词汇 euphemismos,意为“用一个吉祥的词代替一个不吉利的词,在宗教仪式中避免不祥之言,也包括用 Eumenides 代替 Furies。该词源自 euphemizein,意为“用美好的话语说话,使用吉祥的词语”,由 eu- “好的,良好的”(参见 eu-)和 phēmē “言语,声音,话语,说话”组成,源自 phanai “说话”(源自 PIE 词根 *bha-(2)“说话,讲述,说”)。另请参见 Euxine,并比较希腊语 aristeros “更好的”,是“左(手)”的委婉说法。在英语中,该词最初是修辞学术语; 更广泛的意义“选择一个比原本意思更不令人反感的词或短语”首次出现在1793年。相关词汇: Euphemistic; euphemistically。
All the ancients, but most of all the Athenians, were careful not to use ill-omened words; so they called the prison 'the chamber,' and the executioner 'the public man,' and the Furies (Erinyes) they called 'Eumenides' ('the kindly ones') or 'the Venerable Goddesses.' " [Helladius of Antinoopolis, 4 c. C.E., quoted by Photius]
所有古人,尤其是雅典人,都小心翼翼地不使用不祥之言; 所以他们把监狱称为“房间”,把刽子手称为“公共人物”,把 Furies(Erinyes)称为“Eumenides”(“友善的人”)或“庄严的女神”。 “[安提诺波利斯的赫拉迪乌斯,公元4世纪,引自福提乌斯]
Thus, in our dialect, a vicious man is a man of pleasure, a sharper is one that plays the whole game, a lady is said to have an affair, a gentleman to be a gallant, a rogue in business to be one that knows the world. By this means, we have no such things as sots, debauchees, whores, rogues, or the like, in the beau monde, who may enjoy their vices without incurring disagreeable appellations. [George Berkeley, "Alciphron or the Minute Philosopher," 1732]
因此,在我们的方言中,一个邪恶的人是一个享乐的人,一个骗子是一个玩整个游戏的人,一个女士被称为有一段恋情,一个绅士被称为一个风流倜傥的人,一个商业骗子被称为一个精明的人。通过这种方式,在 beau monde 中没有像酒鬼、放荡者、妓女、流氓之类的人,他们可以享受他们的恶习而不会招致不愉快的称号。[乔治·伯克利,“阿尔西弗隆或分钟哲学家”,1732年]
该词起源时间:1650年代