起源于1868年的英语词汇列表
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amnemonic(adj.)
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a cappella
1868年,早期 alla capella(1824年),源自意大利语,意为“教堂音乐风格,礼拜堂的方式”,字面意思为“按照教堂”,来自 cappella “小教堂”(参见 chapel)。最初指的是为了无伴奏声乐而写的早期教堂音乐(1600年前); 20世纪应用于无伴奏声乐音乐。意大利语 a 源自拉丁语 ad “到,向; 为; 根据”(参见 ad-); alla 是 a la “到”。“有时用拉丁语形式 a capella。”
还表示“乐器与声乐一起演奏,或者一个部分由多个乐器演奏。”(《钱伯斯百科全书》,1868年)
You are not the first person puzzled by the expression "A Capella," or, at any rate, unable to understand it should signify the exact reverse of what it literally does signify. The chorales in oratorios were invariably accompanied, either by double-bass or the whole band. Hence they were, with perfect correctness, said to be performed "a capella." But, as other chorales, sung as part of the church service, were written in the same and simple style the expression "a capella" came in time to be applied to them also, despite their being sung without any instrumental accompaniment whatever. [The Music World, Sept. 11, 1875]
你不是第一个对“a capella”这个表达感到困惑的人,或者至少无法理解它确切地表示与它字面意思相反的意思。清唱剧中的赞美诗通常是由低音提琴或整个乐队伴奏的。因此,它们被完全正确地称为“a capella”演奏。但是,由于其他赞美诗,作为教堂礼拜的一部分,也是以同样简单的风格写成的,因此“a capella”这个表达在时间上也被应用于它们,尽管它们没有任何器乐伴奏。[《音乐世界》,1875年9月11日]
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baby-farmer(n.)
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bicycle(n.)
1868年,源自 bi- “两个”和希腊语 kyklos “圆圈,轮子”的拉丁化形式(参见 cycle(n.)),按照 tricycle 的模式,这个词和车辆取代了早期的 velocipede。
一些词典中说,英语单词可能不是来自法语,但1868年的引文是在法国的背景下:
The velocipedes, about which the Parisians have run mad at the present moment, are of various kinds. ... The two wheel velocipedes, the bicycles as they are styled, are intended for the male sex only, and are by far the swiftest machines. ["Supplement to the Courant," Hartford, Conn., Dec. 16, 1868].
速足车,巴黎人目前疯狂追逐的,有各种各样的。...两轮速足车,也就是所谓的自行车,只适用于男性,是迄今为止最快的机器。【“Courant”的补充,康涅狄格州哈特福德,1868年12月16日】。
法国马车厂的员工皮埃尔·拉勒芒在1865年改进了麦克米兰1839年的脚踏速足车,并将这项发明带到了美国。另见 pennyfarthing。作为动词,从1869年开始使用。
The velocipede of 1869 was worked by treadles operating cranks on the axle oi the front wheel. This was modified in the earliest form of the bicycle by greatly increasing the relative size of the driving-wheel and bringing the rider directly over it. Later the "safety" bicycle was introduced, in which the wheels were made of equal or nearly equal size, and for the direct action upon the front wheel was substituted indirect action upon the rear wheel, by means of a chain and sprocket-wheels .... [Century Dictionary]
1869年的速足车是通过踏板操作前轮轴上的曲柄来工作的。在自行车的最早形式中,通过大大增加驱动轮的相对大小并将骑手直接置于其上来进行修改。后来,推出了“安全”自行车,其中车轮大小相等或几乎相等,并通过链条和链轮间接作用于后轮,代替了对前轮的直接作用....【世纪词典】
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bilirubin(n.)
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bivalence(n.)
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blackface
此外, black-face,1868年(在1880年代之前,这个短语似乎在印刷品中并不常见),指的是一种表演风格,起源于美国,通常是非黑人演员使用烧焦的木炭或其他戏剧化妆品使脸部变黑,源自 black(形容词)+ face(名词)。这个事物本身更早,可以追溯到19世纪30年代。
The old-time black face song-and-dance man has disappeared from the stage. At one time no minstrel or variety company was complete without a team of these stage favorites; and who can ever forget their reception at every performance? It made no difference whether they represented the genteel or the plantation negro, they were always welcome, and as a rule were the big feature of the bill. [William E. "Judge" Horton, "About Stage Folks," 1902]
昔日的黑脸歌舞演员已经从舞台上消失了。曾经,没有一个黑人演员或综艺公司是完整的,没有一队这些舞台上的宠儿; 谁能忘记他们在每场演出中的受欢迎程度呢?无论他们扮演的是上流社会的人还是种植园黑奴,他们总是受到欢迎,并且通常是整个演出的重头戏。【威廉·E·“法官”霍顿,“关于舞台人物”,1902年】
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blither(v.)
1868年, blether 的变体,意为“胡说八道”(1520年代),是英国北部和苏格兰的一个词(参见 blather(v.))。相关词汇: Blithered; blithering。
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brake(v.)
「施加制动到车轮」于1868年出现,源自 brake(名词1)。早期意思是「打麻」(14世纪末)。相关词汇: Braked 、braking。
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caddish(adj.)