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humor的词源解释,humor来源

humor(n.)

14世纪中期,“动物或植物的液体或汁液”,源自古北法语 humour “液体,潮湿; (医学)体液”(古法语 humorumor; 现代法语 humeur),源自拉丁语 umor “体液”(也有 humor,因与 humus “土壤”误会而产生); 与 umere “潮湿,湿润”有关,与 uvescere “变湿”有关(见 humid)。

在旧医学中,“四种体液”(血液、痰液、胆汁和黑胆汁)。

The human body had four humors—blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile—which, in turn, were associated with particular organs. Blood came from the heart, phlegm from the brain, yellow bile from the liver, and black bile from the spleen. Galen and Avicenna attributed certain elemental qualities to each humor. Blood was hot and moist, like air; phlegm was cold and moist, like water; yellow bile was hot and dry, like fire; and black bile was cold and dry, like earth. In effect, the human body was a microcosm of the larger world. [Robert S. Gottfried, "The Black Death," 1983]
人体有四种体液——血液、痰液、黄胆汁和黑胆汁,它们又与特定的器官相关。血液来自心脏,痰液来自大脑,黄胆汁来自肝脏,黑胆汁来自脾脏。伽莲和阿维森纳将某些元素特性归于每种体液。血液是热和湿的,像空气; 痰液是冷和湿的,像水; 黄胆汁是热和干的,像火; 黑胆汁是冷和干的,像土。实际上,人体是更大世界的微观世界。[罗伯特·戈特弗里德,《黑死病》,1983]

它们的相对比例被认为决定了身体状况和心态。这使 humor 具有“心情,暂时的心态”的扩展意义(记录于1520年代); “有趣的品质,滑稽的思维转折”的意义首次记录于1680年代,可能是通过“奇想,反复无常”的意义(1560年代)来确定心态而产生的,这也产生了动词意义的“迎合(某人的)幻想或性情”。现代法语将它们作为双重形式: humeur “性情,心情,奇想”; humour “幽默”。“最初的 h 的发音是最近才有的,有时会省略……”[OED]。

为了帮助区分通常被归为“幽默”的各种设备,亨利·W·福勒(Henry W. Fowler)的这个指南[《现代英语用法》,1926]可能会有所帮助:

HUMOR: motive/aim: discovery; province: human nature; method/means: observation; audience: the sympathetic
WIT: motive/aim: throwing light; province: words & ideas; method/means: surprise; audience: the intelligent
SATIRE: motive/aim: amendment; province: morals & manners; method/means: accentuation; audience: the self-satisfied
SARCASM: motive/aim: inflicting pain; province: faults & foibles; method/means: inversion; audience: victim & bystander
INVECTIVE: motive/aim: discredit; province: misconduct; method/means: direct statement; audience: the public
IRONY: motive/aim: exclusiveness; province: statement of facts; method/means: mystification; audience: an inner circle
CYNICISM: motive/aim: self-justification; province: morals; method/means: exposure of nakedness; audience: the respectable
SARDONIC: motive/aim: self-relief; province: adversity; method/means: pessimism; audience: the self
幽默:动机/目的:发现; 领域:人性; 方法/手段:观察; 受众:有同情心的人
机智:动机/目的:照亮; 领域:言辞和思想; 方法/手段:惊喜; 受众:聪明人
讽刺:动机/目的:改正; 领域:道德和礼仪; 方法/手段:强调; 受众:自满的人
讽刺:动机/目的:造成痛苦; 领域:缺点和弱点; 方法/手段:倒置; 受众:受害者和旁观者
谩骂:动机/目的:抹黑; 领域:不当行为; 方法/手段:直接陈述; 受众:公众
反语:动机/目的:排他性; 领域:事实陈述; 方法/手段:神秘化; 受众:内部圈子
玩世不恭:动机/目的:自我辩解; 领域:道德; 方法/手段:暴露裸体; 受众:体面的人
嘲讽:动机/目的:自我缓解; 领域:逆境; 方法/手段:悲观主义; 受众:自己

该词起源时间:14世纪中期

humor(v.)

1580年代,“迎合(某人)的喜好或性情”; 见 humor(n.)。 相关: Humoredhumoring

该词起源时间:1580年代