起源于约1400年的英语词汇列表
-
doubly(adv.)
-
dovecote(n.)
-
dowry(n.)
约在1400年,“妇女在婚姻中带给丈夫的钱财、物品或财产”,源自盎格鲁-法语 dowarie,古法语 doaire(13世纪后期)“嫁妆、财产、礼物”,源自中世纪拉丁语 dotarium,源自拉丁语 dotare “捐赠、分配”,源自 dos(属格 dotis)“婚姻财产”,源自 PIE *do-ti,源自词根 *do- “给予”。参见 dower。
dower, dowry. The two words, originally the same, are differentiated in ordinary literal use, dower being the widow's life share of her husband's property, & dowry the portion brought by a bride to her husband; but in poetic or other ornamental use dower has often the sense of dowry; & either is applied figuratively to talents &c. [Fowler]
嫁妆、婚姻财产。这两个词最初相同,在普通的字面意义上有所区别, dower 是寡妇在丈夫财产中的终身份额, dowry 是新娘带给丈夫的财产; 但在诗歌或其他修辞用法中, dower 常常具有 dowry 的意义; 并且任何一个词都可以比喻为才能等等。[福勒]
-
drabble(v.)
"弄脏,如拖曳; 弄脏(某物),在泥土或地面上拖曳",约于1400年, drabbelen,可能来自低地德语 drabbeln; 比较 drab。相关词汇: Drabbled; drabbling。
-
drape(v.)
约于1400年, drapen,意为“用布饰物装饰”; 15世纪中期,意为“编织成布”,源自古法语 draper “编织,制作布料”(13世纪,在现代法语中意为“用丧服覆盖,穿衣,披上”),源自 drap “布料,一块布,床单,绷带”,源自晚期拉丁语 drapus,可能源自高卢语(类似于古爱尔兰语 drapih “披风,衣服”)。意为“用窗帘覆盖”始于1847年。意为“使悬垂或松散地伸展”始于1943年。相关词汇: Draped; draping。
-
draw(n.)
-
dura mater(n.)
"脑和脊髓周围的坚韧外膜",约1400年,源自中世纪拉丁语 dura mater cerebri,字面意思为"大脑的硬母亲",是阿拉伯语 umm al-dimagh as-safiqa 的借译,字面意思为"大脑的厚母亲"。"在阿拉伯语中,'父亲'、'母亲'和'儿子'这些词经常用来表示事物之间的关系" [Klein]。
-
earthworm(n.)
约1400年, erþe-worme,是 Lumbricidae 家族的蠕虫的通俗名称,源自 earth 和 worm(名词)。在这个意义上,古英语中有 eorðmata,也有 regnwyrm,字面意思是“雨虫”。古英语还有 angel-twæcce “用作鱼饵的蚯蚓”(第二个元素来自 twitch 的词根),有时在中世纪被用作药物:
For the blake Jawndes take angylltwacches, er þei go in to the erth in the mornynge and fry hem. Take ix or x small angyltwacches, and bray hem, and giff the syke to drynke fastynge, with stale ale, but loke þat thei bene grounden so small that þe syke may nat se, ne witt what it is, for lothynge. [Book of Medical Recipes in Medical Society of London Library, c. 1450]
对于黑色颌部疾病,取一些蚯蚓,在它们早晨进入土壤之前煮熟。取九或十只小蚯蚓,捣碎,让病人空腹喝下,用陈酿的麦芽酒,但要确保它们磨得很碎,病人不能看到,也不能知道它是什么,以免引起反感。[伦敦医学协会图书馆的医学食谱书,约1450年]
The people who inhabit the highlands of Southern Brazil have a firm belief in the existence of a gigantic earthworm fifty yards or more in length, five in breadth, covered with bones as with a coat-of-mail, and of such strength as to be able to uproot great pine-trees as though they were blades of grass, and to throw up such quantities of clay in making its way underground as to dam up streams and divert them into new courses. This redoubtable monster is known as the "Minhocao." [Popular Science, August 1878]
巴西南部高地居民坚信存在一种巨大的蚯蚓,长度可达五十码或更长,宽度为五码,身上长满了骨头,如同穿着一件铠甲,力量强大到能够像割草一样连根拔起大松树,并在地下行进时搅动大量的泥土,堵塞溪流并改变其流向。这个可怕的怪物被称为“Minhocao”。[《大众科学》杂志,1878年8月]
-
edema(n.)
也称 oedema,指“体内液体在组织间隙或体腔中过度积聚”,始见于公元1400年的 idema,意为“充满粘液的肿胀”,源自医学拉丁语,来自希腊语 oidēma(属格 oidēmatos),意为“肿瘤肿胀”,源自 oidein “肿胀”,来自 oidos “肿瘤、肿胀”,源自 PIE *oid- “肿胀”,也是拉丁语 aemidus “肿胀”、亚美尼亚语 aitumn “肿胀”、aytnum “肿胀”、古诺尔斯语 eista “睾丸”、古高地德语 eittar “脓”、古英语 attor “毒”(使身体肿胀的物质)的第一部分,也是 Oedipus 的第一部分。
-
effusion(n.)