slang(n.)
1756年,“流浪汉或小偷的特殊词汇”或任何低素质人群的专业术语,后来指特定行业的行话(1801年)。 “非常非正式的语言,以生动和新颖为特点”是在1818年之前的。
Anatoly Liberman在这里详细介绍了这个词的来源,源于英格兰北部的名词 slang “在其他更大的地面间奔跑的狭窄土地”,以及动词 slanger “逗留,慢慢走”,它是斯堪的纳维亚起源(比较挪威语 slenge “松散悬挂,吊,摇摆,晃动”,丹麦语 slænge “扔,吊挂”)。 “它们的共同点似乎是‘自由地朝任何方向移动’”[Liberman]。这些的名词派生词(丹麦语 slænget,挪威语 slenget)意思是“一群人,一支乐队”,Liberman 将其与古诺尔斯语 slangi “流浪汉”和 slangr “迷路”(用于羊)进行比较。他写道:
It is not uncommon to associate the place designated for a certain group and those who live there with that group’s language. John Fielding and the early writers who knew the noun slang used the phrase slang patter, as though that patter were a kind of talk belonging to some territory.
将某个群体指定的地方和居住在那里的人与该群体的语言联系起来并不罕见。约翰·菲尔丁和早期知道名词 slang 的作家使用了短语 slang patter,好像那种闲聊属于某个领土。
因此,意义的演变将从“俚语”变为“流浪汉用于漫游的领土”,再到“他们的露营地”,最终变为“在那里使用的语言”。然后,这种意义转移通过流动商人:
Hawkers use a special vocabulary and a special intonation when advertising their wares (think of modern auctioneers), and many disparaging, derisive names characterize their speech; charlatan and quack are among them.
叫卖者在广告其商品时使用特殊的词汇和特殊的语调(想想现代拍卖师),并且许多贬低、嘲笑的名称都是用来描述他们的言语的; charlatan 和 quack 就是其中之一。
Liberman 得出结论:
[Slang] is a dialectal word that reached London from the north and for a long time retained the traces of its low origin. The route was from "territory; turf" to "those who advertise and sell their wares on such a territory," to "the patter used in advertising the wares," and to "vulgar language" (later to “any colorful, informal way of expression”).
[俚语]是一个方言词,从北方到达伦敦,并长期保留其低贱的痕迹。路线是从“领土; 草皮”到“那些在这样的领土上广告和销售他们的商品的人”,再到“用于广告商品的闲聊”,最后到“粗俗的语言”(后来变成“任何色彩丰富、非正式的表达方式”)。
19世纪时,这个词与小偷和低素质的生活的联系逐渐消失。
[S]lang is a conscious offence against some conventional standard of propriety. A mere vulgarism is not slang, except when it is purposely adopted, and acquires an artificial currency, among some class of persons to whom it is not native. The other distinctive feature of slang is that it is neither part of the ordinary language, nor an attempt to supply its deficiencies. The slang word is a deliberate substitute for a word of the vernacular, just as the characters of a cipher are substitutes for the letters of the alphabet, or as a nickname is a substitute for a personal name. [Henry Bradley, from "Slang," in Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed.]
[俚语]是对某些传统礼仪标准的有意冒犯。除非它是有意采用的,并在某些不是本地人的人群中获得人为的流通,否则单纯的粗俗语言不是俚语。俚语的另一个独特特征是它既不是普通语言的一部分,也不是试图弥补其不足。俚语词是本地方言词的有意替代,就像密码的字符是字母的替代品,或者昵称是个人名称的替代品一样。[亨利·布拉德利,来自 Encyclopedia Britannica,第11版的“俚语”]
该词起源时间:1756年