nature(n.)
13世纪末,“身体的恢复力,身体过程; 生长的力量”来自古法语 nature “自然,存在,生命原则; 性格,本质”,来自拉丁语 natura “事物的进程; 自然的特性,构成,品质; 宇宙”,字面意思是“出生”,来自 natus “出生”,过去分词形式 nasci “出生”,来自 PIE 词根 *gene- “生育,产生”。
到14世纪中叶,“物质世界的力量或过程; 产生生命的东西并维持秩序”的意思。从14世纪末开始,“创造,宇宙”; 还有“遗传,出生,遗传环境; 基本品质,固有构成,天生的性格”(如 human nature 中); 还有“拟人化的自然,大自然”。Nature 和 nurture 自莎士比亚的《暴风雨》以来一直被配对和对比。
The phrase "nature and nurture" is a convenient jingle of words, for it separates under two distinct heads the innumerable elements of which personality is composed. Nature is all that a man brings with himself into the world; nurture is every influence from without that affects him after his birth. [Francis Galton, "English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture," 1875]
“自然与培养”这个短语是一个方便的词组,它将构成个性的无数要素分为两个不同的方面。自然是一个人带到世界上的一切; 培养是他出生后受到的来自外界的一切影响。[弗朗西斯·高尔顿,《英国科学家:他们的天性与培养》,1875]
具体来说,“超出人类文明或社会的物质世界; 原始的,野生的,未被驯化的状态”从1660年代开始,特别是在 state of nature 中“有组织社会之前的人类状态”。Nature-worship “将物理自然现象神化的宗教”始于1840年。
Nature should be avoided in such vague expressions as 'a lover of nature,' 'poems about nature.' Unless more specific statements follow, the reader cannot tell whether the poems have to do with natural scenery, rural life, the sunset, the untouched wilderness, or the habits of squirrels. [Strunk & White, "The Elements of Style," 3rd ed., 1979]
在“喜欢自然的人”、“关于自然的诗歌”等模糊表达中应该避免使用 Nature。除非后面有更具体的陈述,否则读者无法确定这些诗歌是与自然风景、乡村生活、日落、原始荒野还是松鼠的习性有关。[斯特朗克和怀特,《文体要素》,第三版,1979]
Man, her last work, who seem'd so fair,
Such splendid purpose in his eyes,
Who roll'd the psalm to wintry skies,
Who built him fanes of fruitless prayer,
Who trusted God was love indeed
And love Creation's final law—
Tho' Nature, red in tooth and claw
With ravine, shriek'd against his creed—
[Tennyson, from "In Memoriam"]
人类,她最后的作品,看起来如此美丽,
他眼中有如此辉煌的目标,
他向冬天的天空吟唱圣歌,
他为自己建造了毫无结果的祈祷之殿,
他相信上帝确实是爱,
爱是创造的最终法则—
尽管自然,牙齿和爪子都是血红的
带着掠夺,对他的信仰尖叫—
[丁尼生,《纪念》]
该词起源时间:13世纪末