bias(n.)
1520年代,“斜线或对角线”,源自法语 biais “倾斜,斜坡,斜线”,也比喻为“权宜之计,手段”(13世纪,最初在古法语中是过去分词形容词,“侧向的,斜视的,逆行的”),这是一个起源不明的词。可能它来自于古普罗旺斯语 biais,在古加泰罗尼亚语和撒丁语中有同源词,可能是通过通俗拉丁语 *(e)bigassius 从希腊语 epikarsios 而来,“横跨,横向,成角度”,来自于 epi “在...上”(参见 epi-)+ karsios “斜的”(来自于 PIE *krs-yo-,是词根 *sker-(1)“切割”的带后缀形式)。
在古老的保龄球游戏中,它是一个技术术语,用于指代一侧重量更大的球,使它们斜向弯曲(1560年代); 因此比喻为“心理上的单向倾向”(1570年代),最初特别是在法律上,“不当的倾向或偏见”。
The bias of education, the bias of class-relationships, the bias of nationality, the political bias, the theological bias—these, added to the constitutional sympathies and antipathies, have much more influence in determining beliefs on social questions than has the small amount of evidence collected. [Herbert Spencer, "The Study of Sociology," 1873]
教育的偏见,阶级关系的偏见,国籍的偏见,政治的偏见,神学的偏见——这些,加上宪法的情感和反感,对社会问题的信仰产生了比收集的少量证据更大的影响。[赫伯特·斯宾塞,“社会学研究”,1873年]
For what a man had rather were true he more readily believes. Therefore he rejects difficult things from impatience of research; sober things, because they narrow hope; the deeper things of nature, from superstition; the light of experience, from arrogance and pride, lest his mind should seem to be occupied with things mean and transitory; things not commonly believed, out of deference to the opinion of the vulgar. Numberless in short are the ways, and sometimes imperceptible, in which the affections colour and infect the understanding. [Francis Bacon, "Novum Organum," 1620]
因为人们更愿意相信自己希望成真的事情。因此,他因为不耐烦而拒绝困难的事情; 因为它们会减少希望,所以拒绝严肃的事情; 因为迷信,所以拒绝自然的深层次的事情; 因为傲慢和骄傲,所以拒绝经验的启示,以免他的思想似乎被占据了琐碎和短暂的事物; 因为顾及普通人的意见,所以拒绝不常见的事情。总之,感情以无数种方式影响和感染理解,有时是不可察觉的。[弗朗西斯·培根,“新工具论”,1620年]
该词起源时间:1520年代