notwithstanding(prep.)
负面现在分词作为准介词使用,最初和正确的写法是两个单词,14世纪后期, notwiþstondynge “尽管,不顾”来自 not 和动词 withstand 的现在分词。它具有 with 的旧“反对”意义。这是中世纪拉丁语 non obstante “没有阻碍”的借译,字面意思是“不妨碍”,来自 obstans 的与格,动词 obstare 的现在分词“站在对面”(见 obstacle)。作为副词,“然而”,作为连词,“尽管事实如此”,从15世纪初开始使用。
Notwithstanding ... calls attention with some emphasis to an obstacle: as, notwithstanding his youth, he made great progress. In spite of and despite, by the strength of the word spite, point primarily to active opposition: as, in spite of his utmost efforts, he was defeated; and, figuratively, to great obstacles of any kind: as, despite all hindrances, he arrived at the time appointed. [Century Dictionary]
Notwithstanding ... 强调障碍:例如, notwithstanding 他年轻,他取得了很大进步。 In spite of 和 despite,由于 spite 这个词的力量,首先指的是积极的反对:例如, in spite of 他最大的努力,他被打败了; 并且,比喻地,指的是任何种类的巨大障碍:例如, despite 所有的阻碍,他按时到达了。[世纪词典]
该词起源时间:14世纪末