knave(n.)
晚期古英语 cnafa "男孩,男童; 男仆",源自原始日耳曼语 *knabon-(也是古高地德语 knabo "男孩,青年,仆人",德语 knabe "男孩,小伙子"); 它也可能与古英语 cnapa "男孩,青年,仆人",古挪威语 knapi "仆人男孩",荷兰语 knaap "一个年轻人,仆人",中古高地德语 knappe "一个年轻的侍从",德语 Knappe "侍从,持盾者"有关。原始意义不明; 克莱因(Klein)认为史前的意思可能是"棍子,木头"。发音请参见 kn-。
"流氓,恶棍"的意义首次记录于公元1200年左右,可能通过从"一个仆人"到"低出身者之一"的意义演变,以及低劣品质被认为是这种状况的特征。但在中古英语中,它仍保留着非贬义的意义,如 knave-child(苏格兰语 knave-bairn)"男孩"。在纸牌游戏中,指的是"最低的花色牌",出现于1560年代。
Previously, the English equivalent of the French valet was normally known as Knave, in the sense of 'serving-lad'. In the seventeenth century it came to be called Jack, from the name properly applied to the Knave of trumps at All Fours. All Fours being a low-class game, the use of 'Jack' for 'Knave' was long considered vulgar. ('He calls the Knaves Jacks!', remarks Estella contemptuously in Dickens's Great Expectations.) When indices came in, it was obviously preferable to use 'J' rather than 'Kn' to avoid confusion with 'K' for King. Jack has since become the normal title of the lowest court, though 'Knave' can still be heard. [David Parlett, "A History of Card Games," 1991]
以前,法语 valet 的英语对应词通常被称为 Knave,意为"仆人"。在17世纪,它开始被称为 Jack,源自于在 All Fours 游戏中应用于 Knave of trumps 的名称。All Fours 是一种低级游戏,将"Jack"用于"Knave"的用法长期被认为是粗俗的。(在狄更斯的 Great Expectations 中,埃斯特拉轻蔑地说:"他叫那些流氓 Jacks!")当索引出现时,使用'J'而不是'Kn'显然更好,以避免与'K'(代表 King)混淆。Jack 此后成为最低级别的正式称号,尽管"Knave"仍然可以听到。[David Parlett,《纸牌游戏的历史》,1991]