speculation(n.)
14世纪晚期, speculacioun,“智慧的沉思,思考; 观察的行为”,源自古法语 speculacion,“密切观察,全神贯注”,直接源自拉丁语 speculationem(主格 speculatio),“沉思,观察,窥探”的动名词,源自 speculatus 的过去分词,该词来自拉丁语 speculari,“观察”,源自 specere,“看,视”(源自 PIE 词根 *spek-,“观察”)。
“通过思考追求真理”的意义始于15世纪中期。贬义的“纯粹的猜测”意义始于1570年代。(在中古英语中,它也可以表示“理论与实践相对”)。“为了从市场价值的涨跌中获利而进行的买卖”这一意义始于1774年; 在这个意义上,短语 spec 的用法始于1794年。
Protestant clergy were at least as bigoted as Catholic ecclesiastics, nevertheless there soon came to be much more liberty of speculation in Protestant than in Catholic countries, because in Protestant countries the clergy had less power. The important aspect of Protestantism was schism, not heresy, for schism led to national Churches were not strong enough to control the lay government. This was wholly a gain, for the Churches, everywhere, opposed as long as they could practically every invention that made for an increase of happiness or knowledge here on earth. [Bertrand Russell, "A History of Western Philosophy," 1945]
新教神职人员至少和天主教教士一样偏执,然而在新教国家,思想自由很快就比天主教国家更多,因为在新教国家,神职人员的权力更小。新教的重要方面是分裂,而不是异端邪说,因为分裂导致了国家教会,这些教会不足以控制世俗政府。这完全是一种收获,因为无论在哪里,教会都反对一切增加人间幸福或知识的发明。 [伯特兰·罗素,《西方哲学史》,1945年]
该词起源时间:14世纪末