penurious（adj.）
1590年代，“贫困的，贫困的”，这个现在已经过时的意义，来自 penury + -ous，或者来自中世纪拉丁语 penuriosus，源自拉丁语 penuria “贫困”。1630年代证实了“吝啬的，过度节约或节省使用金钱”的含义。相关： Penuriously; penuriousness。
Penurious means literally in penury, but always feeling and acting as though one were in poverty, saving beyond reason; the word is rather stronger than parsimonious, and has perhaps rather more reference to the treatment of others. One may be parsimonious or penurious, through habits formed in times of having little, without being really miserly. [Century Dictionary]
Penurious 的字面意思是贫困，但总是感觉和行动就像自己处于贫困之中，过度节约； 这个词比 parsimonious 更强烈，也许更多地涉及对他人的待遇。一个人可能会因为在贫困时期养成的习惯而变得 parsimonious 或 penurious，而不是真正的 miserly。[世纪词典]
该词起源时间：1590年代