fagus(n.)
山毛榉树的植物属名,源自拉丁语 fagus “山毛榉”,源自 PIE 词根 *bhago- “山毛榉树”(也是希腊语 phegos “橡树”,拉丁语 fagus “山毛榉”,俄语 buzina “接骨木”,古英语 bece,古挪威语 bok,德语 Buche “山毛榉”的来源),可能具有“可食用”的基本意义(并与希腊语 phagein “吃”一词的 PIE 词根 *bhag- “分享,分配; 获得份额”相关)。山毛榉果是欧洲广泛地区农业动物的古老食物来源。
The restriction to western IE languages and the reference to different trees have suggested to some scholars that this word was not PIE, but a later loanword. In the Balkans, from which the beech started to spread after 6000 BC, the [Greek] word means 'oak,' not 'beech.' Yet 'oak' and 'beech' are both 'fruit-bearing trees,' so that a semantic shift from 'oak' to 'beech' appears quite conceivable. The word itself may then have been PIE after all. [de Vaan]
对于西部印欧语言的限制和对不同树木的引用,一些学者认为这个词不是 PIE,而是后来的借词。在巴尔干半岛,山毛榉在公元前6000年后开始传播,这个[希腊]词的意思是“橡树”,而不是“山毛榉”。然而,“橡树”和“山毛榉”都是“结果树”,因此从“橡树”到“山毛榉”的语义转变是完全可以想象的。这个词本身可能仍然是 PIE。[de Vaan]