manes（pl.）
在罗马宗教中，“被视为家族守护神的死者之灵”，源自拉丁语 manes “逝去的灵魂、幽灵、死者的阴影、地下神灵”，通常被认为与拉丁语 manus “好的” 有关，因此正确的意思是“好神灵”，是一个委婉的词。De Vaan 引用了古爱尔兰语 maith 、威尔士语 mad 、布列塔尼语 mat “好”的同源词。最终的词源不确定（参见 mature）。
Three times a year a pit called the mundus was officially opened in the comitium of the Roman Forum, to permit the manes to come forth. The manes were also honored at certain festivals, as the Parentalia and Feralia; oblations were made to them, and the flame maintained on the altar of the household was a homage to them. [In this sense often written with a capital.] [Century Dictionary]
每年三次，在罗马广场的 comitium 中正式开放一个名为 mundus 的坑，以便让 manes 出现。Manes 也在某些节日中受到尊敬，如 Parentalia 和 Feralia； 人们向他们献祭，家庭祭坛上的火焰是对他们的敬意。[在这个意义上通常大写。] [Century Dictionary]