enlightenment(n.)
1660年代,“启蒙”的动作,源自 enlighten 与 -ment 的组合。仅用于比喻意义,指精神启迪等。自1865年起作为德文 Aufklärung 的翻译出现,是18世纪欧洲哲学家独立思想和理性体系的名字。
For the philosophes, man was not a sinner, at least not by nature; human nature — and this argument was subversive, in fact revolutionary, in their day — is by origin good, or at least neutral. Despite the undeniable power of man's antisocial passions, therefore, the individual may hope for improvement through his own efforts — through education, participation in politics, activity in behalf of reform, but not through prayer. [Peter Gay, "The Enlightenment"]
因为 philosophes, 的人本质上并不是罪人; 人类天生的本质是好的,或者至少是中性的,这个论点在当时是颠覆性的,事实上也是革命性的。尽管人的反社会性情感无可否认地强大,个人仍可以通过自己的努力——通过教育,参与政治,积极为改革效力,但不是通过祈祷,希望改善自己。
该词起源时间:1660年代